A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL INQUIRY INTO
THE
OUIJA BOARD PHENOMENA
Lucas
Raphael Alfaia Mutti
Graduation
Year 2007
Submitted
to the evaluation committee of Our Lady of Mercy School
for partial completion of the requirements for the title
of:
High
School Diploma
Approved by
the Evaluation Committee
Mr.Marcelo
Camera M.M – Major Advisor
Msgr.
André Sampaio Ph.D– Evaluation Committee
Dr. Ricardo Barthem Ph.D– Evaluation Committee
Acknowledgment
Throughout
my senior year a valuable work was done to complete this
thesis. All this work would never be concluded without
the support from the lady who taught and inspired me
with her suggestions and patience - my grandmother, Mrs.
Maria Helena Duque Alfaia.
I would
like to express my sincere thanks to my academic
advisor, Mr. Marcelo Camera Fernandes Pinto. His
constant guidance and expertise have made my school
experience meaningful and fulfilling. Although this
topic is new and little explored in science, he showed
me that a serious approach to the theme should be
accomplished through focused research and the
perseverance to expand limits and overcome difficulties.
These
acknowledgments would be incomplete without thanking
those who made long term commitments to my success and
set me on the right course: my parents and friends. Without their encouragement this thesis would not have
been accomplished.
There are
still some other people who helped me to develop his
research: Mr. Geraldo Sarti from the Associação
Brasileira de Parapsicologia, Ms. Mônica Merchak
(Art Department), Mr. Almir Costa (Maintenance), Dr.
Emil Medeiros (Physics Department), Ms. Elizabeth Freire
and Mr. Dennys Zsolt (Mathematics Department), Mr. John
Majka (English Department). Thanks a lot.
Abstract
This
thesis is a scientific, qualitative and correlational
research based on the moving phenomena of the Ouija
Board––a bridge to the spiritual world also known as the
“telegraph of the dead”––and how studies in psychology
(self-delusion and autosuggestion) and physics (poltergeist
and Model of Pragmatic Information) are related to the
motion of the palette.
The
poltergeist phenomena occur due to fluctuations in
the electromagnetic field, explained by the zero-point
energy (also interpreted as spiritual energy) and by
geomagnetic perturbations. Also, it is taken into
account the studies in the field of quantum mechanics
and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox solutions’,
which introduces the Model of Pragmatic Information,
mathematically explained by the psiconic theory.
In the
last study, the Easterner concept of spiritual energy is
used to inquire the interference of an observer in a
physical system.
The review
of literature information was gathered mainly from
scientific magazines, books and television interviews. An analysis of data was made with one interview to
clarify the psiconic theory.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement..……………………………………………………………p.i
Abstract
…………………………………………………………………………p.ii
Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. p.01
Review of
Literature….......…………………………………………………... p.06
► Section
I - Ouija, The Telegraph of The
Dead.......................... p.06
Section I.i – Franz Mesmer X William
Carpenter.............. p.11
► Section
II – Flaws of the Ideomotor
Effect............................... p.14
► Section
III – Poltergeist, The Noisy
Ghost............................... p.18
Section III.i - The Hutchison
Effect…………………………. p.27
► Section
IV – Modern Physics Behind the Ocult………………. p.30
► Section
V – Observer Participancy……………………………... p.39
Methodology………………………………………………………………… p.46
Analysis
of Data………………………………………………………………p.47
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………… p.51
Bibliography………………………………………………………………… p.53
Appendix
A……………………………………………………………………p.56
Appendix
B…………………………………………………………………….p.57
Appendix
C…………………………………………………………………….p.58
Appendix
D…………………………………………………………………….p.62
Chapter I
Introduction
Johannes Kepler, one extremely Catholic astronomer,
believed that studying the properties of the universe
was a religious duty. While studying the orbits of the
planets, Kepler thought that it would be a perfect
circle, geometric beauty, but he discovered it was an
ellipse, reflecting in his 1st Law of
Planetary Motion (Hawking, 2005).
Of all of
the scientists above, the most famous was Sir Isaac
Newton who developed a powerful tool to prove his
mathematical hypothesis with the intention of solving
complex physics problems: a specific branch of
mathematics, more specifically, the differential and
integral calculus.
Since Renaissance,
spiritualism and science were two extremely close fields
but with the scientific development, mankind answered
with science almost everything, which seemed to be
spiritual. It was believed, for example, that when
someone sneezed, his/her soul was trying to escape of
the body, but thanks to biology this statement is false. One of the questions, which are often asked, regards
spiritual games. Most people have already heard about
the Ouija Board or perhaps some other game whose
objective is to contact the spiritual world. Although
myths were formed since the beginning of the practice of
the game, physicists never proposed a truly scientific
explanation for the motion of the palette used to
connect with the dead. While studying the nature of
paranormal effects, an association was established
between the Ouija and paranormal effects such as
poltergeist.
In order
to limit the subject of this inquiry, the author has
directed his studies to a scientific, qualitative and
correlational analysis on the practice of the game,
proposing a relationship between two studies done in
psychology and two in physics, which were given to
explain how the observer interacts with matter when
playing Ouija.
The
opening section of this research is about the history
behind the Ouija Board and the Fox Sisters, focusing on
the philosophical suggestions given by Franz Mesmer and
William Carpenter.
The second
section analyzes the flaws of the ideomotor effect,
explanation proposed by William Carpenter, and
introduces all the four studies given to explain the
Ouija. A remarkable point in this section is the
analysis, which is made regarding the Freudian
psychoanalytic theory of the subconscious.
The third
and fourth sections analyze more advanced studies in
physics such as the zero-point energy – the possible
energy behind the motion of objects and an explanation
to apparition – and the geomagnetic perturbations and
how it leads to poltergeist, as in Stonehenge,
county of Wiltshire, England. The fourth section is
about the last study, related to physics – telepathy and
psycho kinesis – and how they answer the Ouija by the
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox, paradox present in
quantum mechanics.
The last
section of this research goes back to the previous
section–Modern Physics Behind the Occult–using
the psiconic theory, developed from the
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox as a possible solution.
The major intention of this section is to prove by one
experience done Cornell University that the observer
interferes in the microscopical system. Applying the
knowledge of observer participancy, the concept of
spiritual energy, is mentioned.
Chapter II
Review of Literature
Section
I. Ouija, The Telegraph of The Dead.
“A Ouija Board
is a medium through which messages are supposedly
communicated by the dead to or through the players of
séance.
Ouija boards
are also known as "witch boards" or "talking boards."
The word
"ouija" is actually a combination of two words, the
French word "oui" and the German word "ja." Both words
mean, "yes" in English.”
http://ghosts.monstrous.com/the_ouija_board.htm
Spiritualists affirm that the board is a means for
making direct contact with the dead and that the
messages, which are spelled out, are from the dead.
Skeptics
certify that the messages are suggestions from the
unconscious mind or the result of muscular tension and
unconscious direction of the hand.
While
studying the Ouija Board chronology, historians have
different opinions in relation to when it was first
played. In fact, many believe that the boards date back
as far as 540 B.C. Actually, the original Ouija boards
are very young when compared to the given age. Although
similar devices may have existed, actual Ouija boards
did not come along until much later on.
In 1848 in
Hydesville, New York (Figure 1), two sisters, Kate and
Margareth Fox (Figure 2) made contact with a spirit.
From that day on the Ouija Board was known as a way of
communicating with the dead (A. Braude 1989).
Figure 1 – The Fox Sisters house in Hydesville, New
York. (http://www.cgazette.com/towns/Newark/history/fox.jpg)
Figure 2 – The Fox Sisters, Kate and Margareth Fox. (http://psychicinvestigator.com/demo/img00144.gif)
The sessions,
organized by a medium,
were held in a room with a circular table because they
believed that if there were any corner they would easily
lose the connection with the spirit. As the session had
started, the palette, which is used to select the letter
in the board, moved involuntary with just a no pressure
touch done by the participants, as history states. This
was firstly explained by Franz
Anton Mesmer
with his animal magnetism,
later contested by William Benjamin Carpenter
who explained that electromagnetism was not related at
all with the movement of the palette, in other words
there is no spirit in the game and what really makes the
palette to move are just involuntary movements, known as
ideomotor effect.
Around
1851 the board was later developed and the medium added
all the letters of the alphabet, the numbers range from
one to zero or from zero to nine, a goodbye at
the bottom of the board and finally a yes or
no at the corner (Figure 3). The board structure was
never changed since the mentioned year until the days of
today.
With the
tremendous success of the board, the Kennard Novelty
Company, started to produce the solid wood board and
sell it for only U$ 1.50 (one dollar and fifty cents).
The idea of selling the board was from Charles Kennard
and his partner
Elijah Bond.
Charles Kennard was awarded the patent on February 10,
1891 calling the new creation "Ouija" because he claimed
that the board told him that Ouija in Egyptian meant
"Good Luck." Although Ouija does not mean “Good Luck”
in Egyptian, the name was never questioned. Although the
board brought fame to Charles Kennard he needed to sell
his company because of financial problems and by
coincidence William Fuld, one of the varnishers of the
enterprise, made him the highest bid, buying the
copyright and spreading the board all over the country.
Figure 3 - The Ouija Board.
(http://weblogs.java.net/blog/cayhorstmann/archive/2006-07-03/ouija_board.jpg)
His name
was then printed on every Ouija Board made for over 100
years until the Parker Brothers took it off in the late
1990s. William Fuld and his brother Isaac Fuld changed
the Kennard Novelty Company to
Isaac Fuld &
Brother, and finally
to
the Ouija Novelty Company and continued selling boards
at much higher numbers. Shortly down the line, Isaac
was fired so the company name was changed once again to
the William Fuld Manufacturing Company.
Since
William Fuld then owned all rights to the Ouija Board,
he decided to reinvent its history. He claimed that he
invented the board himself.
In the year of 1927, a tragic event would occur in
Baltimore, more exactly on the Harford Street, where the
William Fuld Manufacturing Company was located. William
Fuld was on the roof of his factory to supervise the
replacement of a flagpole. It was then that he fell to
his death.
While being
transported, a fractured rib pierced his heart and he
died in the hospital.
Witnesses say it was just an accident but since the
truth is rarely interesting, plenty of people were
spreading rumors that it was suicide. For spiritual
scholars the valid hypothesis is that William Fuld was
possessed by one of his Ouija Boards.
From 1927
to 1942 the William Fuld Manufacturing Company was ran
by Catherine Fuld until the youngest brother, Hubert,
became the president selling it to Parker Brothers, in
1966, who also bought the copyright.
Figure 4 -
The Ouija Board Lineage. (http://www.museumoftalkingboards.com/ouijalineage.jpg)
Section
I.i – Franz Mesmer (Animal Magnetism) X
William
Benjamin Carpenter (Ideomotor Effect).
"O magnetismo
preparou o caminho do Espiritismo, e os rápidos
progressos do Espiritismo se devem à vulgarização das
idéias acerca do magnetismo. Dos fenômenos magnéticos,
do sonambulismo e do êxtase às manifestações espíritas,
não há senão um passo; sua conexão é tal,
que é, por assim dizer, impossível falar de um sem falar
de outro"
(Allan
Kardec "La Revue Spirite", 1858)
Franz
Anton Mesmer (Figure 6) was one of the first official
scientists to establish a direct relationship between
physiology and the Ouija Board in the year of 1784. To
make such assumption, Mesmer relied on Willian Maxel’s
thesis “Magnetic Medicine” published in 1676,
whose main point was to prove that the human body had a
direct interaction with magnetism that could heal
someone’s disease.
Animal
magnetism evolved from an experience Mesmer had
while studying the interaction between magnets and the
human body. For Mesmer, the bodies and the magnets
shared common properties and the main reason was because
of the fluids each one has inside. According to the
animal magnetism these properties could be
transmitted to animated or un-animated objects.
According
to the Allan Kardec (Figure 5), one of the most
important systematizer of Spiritualism, spiritual
phenomena could be only explained by the physics of
magnetism. As
once stated by him:
"O
Espiritismo se liga ao magnetismo por laços íntimos.
São duas ciências solidárias entre si... os espíritos
sempre preconizam o magnetismo, quer como meio de cura,
quer como causa primeira de uma porção de coisas".
(Allan Kardec "La
Revue Spirite" 1858)
Figure 5. - Allan Kardec, the most important
systematizer of Spiritualism.
(http://destaquein.sacrahome.net/files/images/alan.jpg)
The year
of 1852 was crucial for the first concretized theory
presented for an explanation for the Ouija Board, which
was the ideomotor effect. The English physiologist and
naturalist William Benjamin Carpenter
(Figure 6)
affirmed that the Ouija Board could be explained just by
unconscious impulses done by the ones involved in the
session proposed it. As William Carpenter stated, the
psychological phenomena that makes involuntary motions
are the reasons attributed to the paranormal or
supernatural forces.
In motor
behavior, there are two parts of brain activity. The
first results in the motor activity, the second is the
registration of that activity in the conscious mind. William Benjamin Carpenter proposed the ideomotor effect
as a third class of unconscious behavior, along with
excitomotor (such as breathing and swallowing) and
sensorimotor (reflex actions).
Figure 6 - From left to right: Franz Mesmer and William
Carpenter.
(http://www.institute-shot.com/images/mesmer_copy.jpg
,
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/4/45/200px-William_Carpenter.jpg)
Section
II. Flaws of the Ideomotor Effect
The term
“ideomotor action”, given by William Carpenter, would
become the explanation of paranormal effects behind the
Ouija Board until now. One field of science called
biology, more specific neuroscience, could better
explain Carpenter’s study. According to Carpenter, ideomotor effect is a psychological phenomenon where
someone makes unconscious movements. As William James
once stated:
“Wherever a movement unhesitatingly and immediately
follows upon the idea of it, we have ideomotor action.
We are then aware of nothing between the conception and
the execution. All sorts of neuromuscular
responses come between, of course, but we know
absolutely nothing of them. We think the act, and it is
done; and that is all that introspection tells us of the
matter.”
Supporting
James’s explanation, the Professor Emeritus of
Psychology at the University of Oregon said that modern
brain researchers have produced data and theory that
help explain how quasi-independent modules, responsible
for involuntary movements, in the brain can initiate
motor movements without necessarily engaging the
"executive module" that is responsible for our sense of
self-awareness and volition.
The Ouija
Board is known as a shortcut from the conscious to the
subconscious mind, thanks to the ideomotor effect. The
problem with Carpenter’s study refers to its
consistency. Involuntary movements last for a few
seconds (Wagner, 2007).
During a n-person
Ouija Board session, what will determine the final
position of the palette is the position of each
participant. Independent of the situation, Newtonian
mechanics
explains that when several n-forces are applied over a
body it will produce a resultant force. Assuming no one
will produce a voluntary force, the ideomotor effect can
be applied.
But if
Carpenter’s ideomotor effect is left aside, it does not
mean it may be assumed that spirits are present in the
Ouija. For science, the presence of these spirits cannot
explain the motion of the palette. Thanks to a
technological and theoretical advance four new studies,
two psychological and two physical, were proposed. The
first two psychological studies complete the ideomotor
effect; they are self-delusion and autosuggestion. The
third study is known about how the zero-point energy
explains the poltergeist phenomena, which may be
caused by either fluctuations in the electromagnetic
field or by geomagnetic perturbations. The last study is
how the Ouija Board may be explained by solving the
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox (The New York Times,
2007), better explained in section IV – Modern
Physics Behind the Occult, by telepathy and psycho
kinesis.
Self-delusion is
where the belief of the participants drives them to
subconsciously
control the movement of the palette. A sort of not quite
intended fraud. This is very like autosuggestion except
that one or more of the participants actually controls
the movement of the palette, acting subconsciously. They
hear the question, they know what needs to be spelt out
and their fingers subconsciously push or pull the
palette in the direction of the required letter.
Autosuggestion is
where the participants unconsciously
control the movement of the palette. Something, possibly
the combination of the random and minor spasming of the
muscles of the participants, drives the palette in a
random direction. This random movement would lead to a
random distribution of letters which would, for the most
part, appear as gibberish. However, despite all good
intentions, there is likely to be some editing by the
participants. The participants begin to subconsciously
guess ahead and the letters come out in a generally
orderly fashion (Sarti, 1991).
While discussing
the meaning of subconscious and unconscious it should be
clearly stated that there is no interaction among the
subconscious and unconscious theories proposed to answer
the Ouija Board by Sigmund Freud’s
psychoanalytic theory. According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the
unconscious refers to that part of mental functioning of
which subjects make themselves unaware. For
psychoanalysis, the unconscious does not include all of
what is simply not conscious, not including for example
motor skills, but only what is actively repressed from
conscious thought, avoiding future confusions with the
concepts proposed to answer the Ouija Board phenomena.
|
Psychology |
Physics |
|
►
Self-delusion
Basic Principles:
■
Subconscious control of the palette
|
►Poltergeist
Basic Principles:
■
Zero-Point Energy (also interpreted as spiritual
energy), the energy behind the unknown motion
■
Geomagnetic perturbation, geological structure
may lead to poltergeist and apparitions. |
|
►
Autosuggestion
Basic Principles:
■
Unconscious control of the palette
■
Random distribution of letters |
►Model
of Pragmatic Information
Basic Principles:
■
Theory of Information
■
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Princple
■
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox
→ Psiconic Theory
→ Telepathy
→ Psycho kinesis |
Table 1 – Summary of the studies done with the Ouija
Board.
(Created by the author)
Section
III. Poltergeist, The Noisy Ghost
Some
people who have tried to use the Ouija Board confirm
that strange things happen. Assuming that no one at the
Ouija Board session tried to apply voluntary forces,
Carpenter’s ideomotor effect theory may be accepted to
answer the motion of the palette. But as stated in
section II – Flaws of the Ideomotor Effect, it is
impossible for someone to provide a sustainable and
uninteruptive continuous force.
Spiritually speaking, one solution would surely exist
for the so unpredictable movement of the palette:
spirits are coordinating the movement behind the
players. These spirits would be labeled poltergeist,
a term destined for spirits or ghosts that manifest
themselves by moving and influencing inanimate objects. Scientifically speaking poltergeist phenomena is
a branch of study of parapsychology and physics. Unfortunately some cases are fraudulent but scientists
continue on their journey to find an explanation for
what is really happening in a poltergeist
environment (Roll, 2003).
Technically
speaking, poltergeist’s name is Recurrent
Spontaneous Psycho Kinesis (RSPK), which was given by
J.B. Rhine, from the Psychology Lab of Duke University,
in Durham, North Carolina, widespread by the
psychologist William George Roll.
In
paranormal studies a new concept of energy was proposed,
an energy that could not be explained by the principles
of classical physics, this energy is named psi
energy. Paranormal phenomena have as a principal agent
the information, better explained in section IV –
Modern Physics Behind the Occult. The paranormal
phenomenon is divided into three phenomena, but for this
research only two are used: the psi-gama
(provokes telepathy) and the psi-kappa (provokes
psycho kinesis and poltergeist) (Sarti, 1991).
One
possible spiritualist explanation about poltergeist
is that it originates after someone dies in a
powerful rage at the time of death. For spiritualists,
in a place where there is too much pain the probability
of a spiritual event occurring is extremely high because
the energy deliberated by the spirit is extremely high. For physics the energy behind the movement of household
objects, furniture and even apparition, known as
zero-point energy.
The zero-point energy,
Nullpunktsenergie in German, was formulated by
Albert Einstein and Otto Stern. The concept of
zero-point energy developed from an experiment whose
objective was to demonstrate that at -273º Celsius
molecules stop moving. The experiment proved that the
hypothesis was wrong and molecules continued to move
under this temperature. Physically speaking, the
zero-point energy is the lowest possible energy that a
quantum mechanical system may possess and it is the
energy of the ground state of the system. Culturally
speaking, the zero-point energy is the same energy
Easterner’s name as prajñā,
ch’i or ki,
vital energy or spiritual energy (Radmül, 2000),
explained in section V – Observer Participancy.
Once interviewed
by “The Journal of Parapshycology” in December
2001 the physicist Dr. Hal Puthoff, from the Stanford
Research Institute, stated that an object may be freed
from gravity/inertia if the RSPK agent affects the
zero-point energy, a sea of random electromagnetic
fluctuations that fills all of space. The agent would
not generate the energy for object-movements, but would
cause the zero-point energy to cohere
and thereby loosen the hold of gravity/inertia
that ordinarily keeps things in place. Gravity is
closely related to inertia, the effect that causes
stationary objects to remain at rest and moving objects
to remain in motion.
The
zero-point energy of RSPK says that an object may move
when its weight is reduced. Object focusing, where the
same object is repeatedly affected, may suggest that
some reduction of weight persists so that the object is
more likely to move again than others (objects must be
equidistant from the agent to rule out the effect of
proximity).
According
to the zero-point energy, weight losses of RSPK objects
result from the intermolecular forces that hold together
the molecules of the electromagnetic field of the
vacuum. This leads to the further expectation that
anomalous electromagnetic readings may be obtained near RSPK objects or areas. During one investigation the
parapsychologist William Joines detected an emission of
146 MHz in an RSPK area.
An
indication of the presence of electromagnetism in RSPK
is the symptom of complex partial seizure; in other
words the habitant brains are subject to sudden
electromagnetic discharges. Also, RSPK is associated
with geomagnetic perturbations (Gearhart and Persinger,
1986).
Near London,
England, a group of researchers from the Birkbeck
College, University of London, started an investigation
in the Chacon House, a castle from the 17th
century. The castle is famous due to the occurrence of
apparitions, sound effects and light emissions. The same
researchers with the intention of explaining what was
going on inside the castle, brought with them a series
of materials such as: magnetometers, night vision field
glasses, motion detector, infrared sensors, Geiger
counter
(Figure 7). These materials would report their measures
to one computer whose database had as variables:
temperature, light, sound, and motion. According to the
parapsychologist Dr. Dean Radin, the Director of the
Cognitive Sciences Lab of the University of Nevada, Las
Vegas, what really caused the apparition was the granite
over the ground and the granite in the structure of the
building. Also, according to Dr. Dean Radin another
important agent was the water underground or even the
radiation emitted by the granite. For Dr. Dean Radin,
the granite in important basically for two reasons:
1)
A natural
radioactive compound;
2)
They emit
high electromagnetic fields;
Regarding
the third reason presented by Dr. Dean Radin, small
movements in the construction may deform crystals and
the granite producing electrical charges, which produce
electrical fields. Once combined with the radiation the
electrical effect may be the reason for the apparition
in almost all stone-like structure.
One last
reason presented by Dr. Dean Radin was regarding
psychology. As Dr. Dean Rodin suggested, at night,
especially at 3:00 am, we are subjected to diferent
emotional conditions, depending on the place we are. An
example is fear; also we are exposed to different
hormonal and environmental conditions. On a fearful
night, adrenal glands accelerate adrenaline production
leading to some kind of stress.
Figure 7 – Top (Left to Right): Magnetometers, Night
Vision Field glasses, and Motion Detector Bottom (Left
to Right): Infrared Sensor and Geiger counter.
(http://www.2spi.com/catalog/instruments/images/umag.jpg
,
http://www.wise4living.com/olbinoculars/images/atn-night-vision.jpg
,
http://organizations.bloomu.edu/msc/Center%20Stuff/Calculator%20Based%20Learning%20Pictures/Motion%20
Detector%20with%20LabPro%20(large).jpg
,
http://itp.nyu.edu/~gml229/blog/archives/IMG_0113.JPG
,
http://www.elexp.com/kits/gck01.jpg)
Researchers as the
neuroscientist Professor Michael Persinger’s from the
Laurentian University in Canada speculate that changes
in electronic equipment or geomagnetic fields, created
by tectonic stresses in the Earth’s crust or solar
activity, could stimulate the brain’s temporal lobes and
produce many of the experiences associated with
haunting. Persinger suggested that magnetism causes
bursts of electrical activity in the angular gyrus of
the brain causing the sensation of spiritual existence. Electrical stimulation of different parts of the brain
has also caused people to hallucinate or have near-death
experiences. Coincidently the same results were found by
the psychotherapist Stanislav Grof, from the ancient
Czechoslovakia, in his book, Beyond the Brain: Birth,
Death and Transcendence in Psychoterapy in 1985,
while studying L.S.D
consumers.
The
explanation given by Professor Persinger applies
perfectly in Stonehenge (Figure 8), county of Wiltshire,
England. About five thousand years the place is known
for strange visions. According to Dr. Serena Roney-Dougal there are two types of stones in
Stonehenge: the bluestone and the salsem stone (Figure
9). Both have unknown electrical and magnetic
properties.
Figure 8 – Stonehenge, county of Wiltshire, England.
(http://www.puzzlehouse.com/images/webpage/stonehenge.jpeg)
Since 1980
Professor Persinger coordinates paranormal experiences
with variations on the magnetic field during a long
period inside a dark room with acoustic treatment.
During his experiences, Professor Persinger, stimulates
the temporal lobe
(Figure 10) of the volunteer leading to several visions
such as fire, demons and remembrance from the past. One
last study done by Dr. Olaf Blanke from the Laussane
Polythecnic School, Switzerland was regarding electrical
stimulation to the angular gyrus
(Figure 10) of the brain causing the sensation that
someone is behind the individual.
Figure 9 - Bluestone and Salsem stone.
(http://img.alibaba.com/photo/11622682/Bluestone_Tile.jpg,
http://www.sibusca.com.br/minerais/images/rocha+salsem.jpg)
Figure 10 – The temporal lobe and the angular gyrus.
(http://www.cnn.com/fyi/interactive/news/11/brain/temporal.jpg
,
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/ghost-7.jpg)
Supporting
Professor Persinger’s explanation a researcher from
USP’s (Universidade de São Paulo) Religion Social
Psychology Laboratory, the psychologist Wellington
Zangari, proposes that changes in sound frequencies and
magnetic fields may alter each ones perception. According to the neurologist Kátia Lin, from Unifesp (Universidade
Federal de São Paulo), hallucinations are provoked major
by two reasons: either by hunger or by lack of sleep.
Once interviewed by the
magazine (Super Interessante, 2007), she said:
“Nessas situações, os neurônios
funcionam de forma anormal, criando uma realidade
paralela.”
Concluding Professor Persinger’s experience, neurology
classifies apparition, as a cerebral dysfunction not
diagnosticated whose symptoms are similar to the ones
provoked by schizofrenia, cerebral tumour and epilepsy.
Section
III.i –The Hutchison Effect
Once the question
is about electrical magnetic equipments and its
relationship to poltergeist the study of the
Canadian physicist John Hutchison, known for his studies
in the field of paranormal science should be taken into
account. Once, in 1979, trying to duplicate Nikolai
Tesla’s
experiments, Hutchison claimed he discovered six strange
phenomena (Figure 11), including:
-
levitation of
heavy objects;
-
fusion of
dissimilar materials such as metal and wood;
-
the anomalous
heating of metals without burning adjacent material;
-
the
spontaneous fracturing of metals;
-
changes in the
crystalline structure and physical properties of
metals;
-
disappearing metal samples.
Figure 11 – John Hutchison experiments. Top (Left-
Right): 1, 2, 3 Bottom (Left-Right): 4, 5.
Figure 11 – John Hutchison experiments. Top
(Left-Right): 1, 2, 3 Bottom (Left-Right): 4, 5.
(http://www.americanantigravity.com/articles/214/1/Hutchison-Materials-Effects-Photos/Page1.html,
http://homepage2.nifty.com/dennjiha/img/hutchison_effect/hutchison_effect_03.jpg)
The Hutchison Effect occurs as the result of radio wave interferences in a zone of spatial volume encompassed
t Marc Millis, who runs the Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program for NASA, wrote to sci.physics.reasearch: “This
"Hutchison Effect" has been claimed for years, without any independent verification - ever. In fact, its originator
can't even replicate it on demand.
This has been investigated more than once, been part of documentaries on the discovery channel...” (Solis, 1999)
The levitation produced by the Hutchison Effect is not the result of simple electrostatic or electromagnetic levitation
Solis claims that what Hutchison did can be easily disproved by merely trying to use such methods to duplicate his experience.
For unknown reasons the Hutchison effect only happens when Hutchison is presence.
According to Solis the anomalous heating of metal without any evidence of burning or scorching of the adjacent
materials, usually wood, is a clear indication that possibly the nature of heat may not be completely understood. As he once said:
“this has far-reaching implications for thermodynamics, which hinges entirely on the presumption of such knowledge.
The anomalous heating exhibited by the Hutchison Effect shows plainly that we have much to learn, especially where
thermodynamics and electromagnetism meet”.
Although Solis was against the Hutchison Effect regarding the levitation process, Solis considered the spontaneous
fracturing of metals unique for two reasons:
a. there is no evidence of an external force causing the fracturing.
b. the method by which the metal separates involves a sliding motion in a sideways direction, horizontally. The metal simply
Figure 12a –
Van der Graaf Generator
http://www.curiousscience.com/images/props/image230.jpg?1178391177
Figure 12b –
Tesla Coils
http://www.johndyer.com/FloatAhalf.jpg
Section IV
- Modern Physics Behind the Ocult
“Quantum mechanics, after all, is the first theory in
physics in which the role of the observer has to be
taken into account. You cannot separate the observer
from the system being observed.”
Bernard Carr, cosmologist at the University of London.
According
to Bernard Carr paranormal phenomena may be divided into
three main categories. The first, “pseudo-psychic
phenomena’’, may have a very simple physical
explanation. Some kinds of poltergeist phenomena,
for example, may fall into this category. As he once
said: “These are not really psychic, but are often
misinterpreted as such”.
Second,
there are phenomena – such as out-of-body and near-death
experiences, hypnosis and apparitions – that may be
entirely within the mind and do not necessarily involve
any interaction with the physical world. “No doubt,
people have these experiences,” says Carr, “but
the question is how do we intepret them? Do they
correspond to some form of higher-order reality, or are
they just illusions? It would be easy to dismiss ghosts,
for example, as no more than visual hallucinations, but
sometimes apparations are shared by more than one person
or contain information about the real world, which makes
them more interesting.”
The third
type of paranormal phenomenon involves the direct
interaction of the mind with the physical world,
including telepathy, extrasensory perception and psycho
kinesis (Physics World, 2000).
Among all
the suggestions presented psycho kinesis and telepathy
are the ones most studied by the quantum theory field
because they may represent a connection between the
observer and matter.
Understanding the
connection between observer and matter requires an
overview in the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle where
two physical quantities are related: position and
momentum. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle proves
that measured values cannot be assigned to the position
and the momentum of a moving particle, such as an
electron,
simultaneously with unlimited precision. (Halliday,
Resnick, and
Walker,
2005)
In an experiment
whose intention is to prove the Heisenberg Uncertainty
Principle (Figure 13), the observer uses a powerful
light microscope to determine its position. For the
electron to be visible, at least one photon
of light must bounce off of it, and then pass through
the microscope into the observer’s eye. The photon
transfers some unknown amount of momentum to the
electron. Thus, in the process of finding an accurately
position of the electron the uncertainty will increase
while trying to find the accurate momentum.
Figure 13 - The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Experimentation
(http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/Campus/6687/example.gif)
When a
photon encounters an electron, the energy transferred
from the photon to the electron makes the electron
change its level of energy (Figure 14). Electrons may
occupy just specific levels of energy. (Horta Santos,
1998)
(Horta Santos, 1998)
“Physics is a way to talk about psychic phenomena in a
respectable manner.”
(William Roll)
What is
quantum theory? How can quantum theory explain
paranormal effects as telepathy and psycho kinesis? What
are their relationships with the Ouija Board?
Quantum
theory is the theory behind quantum physics, a
fundamental branch of theoretical physics with wide
applications in experimental physics that replaces
classical mechanics and classical electromagnetism at
the atomic and subatomic levels.
“The
existence of telepathy phenomena has been basically
confirmed through many strict experiments” (Gao
Shan, 2004).
Its usual
display is that one can perceive the other’s happening,
say being sick or being injured etc, at a distance
between the familiar people, say twins, relatives or
friends. In physics, the principle of telepathy was
first introduced in 1935 by Albert Einstein, as a
solution to the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox whose
intention was to show that quantum mechanics could not
be a complete theory of nature.
The argument
begins by assuming that there are two systems, A and B
(which might be two free particles), whose wave
functions
are known (Figure 15a). Then, if A and B interact for a
short period of time, one can determine the wave
function of the other. If A and B move apart they can no
longer interact (Figure 15b).
Figure 15a – The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox (Part
1).
(http://www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~suchii/Bohr/EPR.html)
Figure 15b - The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox (Part
2).
(http://www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~suchii/Bohr/EPR.html)
Imagining
the situation, Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen asked: what
happens if one makes a measurement on system A?
Measuring the momentum value for system A and using the
conservation of momentum with the given information of
the system before the interaction, system A may infer
the momentum of system B. Thus, by making a momentum
measurement of A, one can also measure the momentum of
B, recalling that A and B are spacelike separated, and
thus they cannot communicate in anyway. By the
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, there is no certainty
while measuring the linear momentum and the position of
a particle simultaneously with unlimited precision.
Facing the paradox, Einstein proposed two solutions that
he rejected: telepathy or action over distance. The
problem with Einstein’s solutions was that they were
against the postulate of inexistence of velocities
greater than light.
In the 1980s it
was proved that Einstein’s suggestions were right, in
other words: variations of the speed of light should be
considered. One study, done by the English Whatelly
Carrington (1892–1947), is about the psicon. The psicons
are mass-less particle-waves
that transmits information. The purpose of considering
the psicons mass-less particle-wave is to not interfere
in Einstein’s theory of special relativity: relativistic
mass
(Sarti, 1999).
The only
possible way to imagine particle-waves whose speed is
greater than light, not interfering in Einstein’s
relativistic mass is considering the mass of the object
during motion as a mathematical-imaginary nature.
Physically speaking the wave corresponds to a perfect
plane wave whose speed is greater than the speed of
light and whose frequency and wavelength are determined.
Psycho
kinesis (PK), also known as telekinesis (TK) is defined
as the paranormal ability of the mind to influence
matter or energy without the use of any currently known
type of physical means. In parapsychology, psychokinetic
effects are divided into two groups:
· Micro-PK,
or micro-TK – a very small effect such as the
manipulation of molecules, atoms, subatomic particles
only being observed with the use of scientific
equipments.
· Macro-PK,
or macro-TK – a large-scale effect that can be seen by
the naked eye.
Walter von
Lucadon proposed the solution to psycho kinetics effects
titled as the Model of Pragmatic Information (MPI). In
MPI anomalous of psi effects are not supernatural but
meaningful correlations between the test person (psi
agent) and target system (Etzold, 2004). While
interacting, the psi agent (or test subject) and
the target system become a closed system with
self-referential dependencies (Varella, 1985). Pragmatic
information is a “measure for the meaning of the
information”. It manifests itself in “its effect on the
system”, but it has no informative content, in other
words, it cannot be measured.
Although
this psychokinetic reasoning seems to be applicable only
in quantum mechanics it may give a complex answer to the
Ouija Board. It is important to remember that each case
works independently, in other words the most logical
answer to the Ouija Board is fraud and by increasing the
number of participants, automatically increases the
probability to have a fraudulent game.
Quantum
mechanics may try to answer the Ouija Board only when
the palette is really moving with no mechanical
interference. So, if two people are playing and they
have any kind of connection, for example familiar or
friendship, they will certainly share the same source of
information (carried by the psicon), or answers to the
questions asked of to the Ouija Board.
Section V - Observer Participancy
“Observer participancy gives rise to information; and
information gives rise to physics.”
(John
Wheeler 1990, Quoted by Frieden, 1998 p.1)
Since 1988, it is
known that perception affects the physical world. As the
mathematical physicist, B. Roy Frieden, once said:
“The request for data creates the law that ultimately,
gives rise to the data. The observer creates his or her
local reality”. (p.i). Frieden goes beyond quantum
mechanics
when he derives statistical mechanics,
thermodynamics
and the Einstein field equations
from a theory where the observer is part of the
phenomena that are measured (Roll, 2003).
He describes all
physical processes in terms of differential equations.
(The theory is an outgrowth of the work of the British
statistician, A.R. Fisher). According to Frieden,
observation injects information into its object.
Information thereby interacts with energy and matter
within the object and between this and other objects.
Information is “a physical entity” that can “flow” from
one object to another (p.106), supporting the Model of
Pragmatic Information.
According
to one study proposed by the American physicist Evan
Walker in 1985, there is a relation between psycho
kinesis and quantum mechanics implying that the human
operator affects physical systems. As he once said:
“This must lie at the heart of the solution to the
problem of psi phenomena; and indeed and understanding
of psi phenomena and of consciousness must provide the
basis of an improved understanding of [quantum
mechanics].” (Walker, 1985, p. 26).
As William
Roll once said: “the psi effects may be understood in
terms of “psi fields” that have psychological and
physical characteristics and surround and connect
physical objects.” Supporting Roll’s hypothesis but
emphasizing it, William Joines says: “that the RSPK
is due to “psi waves” that manifest as wave motion like
physical waves; there should be a decline of incidents
with distance from the source that is the RSPK agent”.
It seems
clear that psychological factors, especially emotion,
are involved in RSPK. According to William Roll there
are anecdotal reports that some RSPK agents have learnt
to bring phenomena on at will.
Psychologists have shown that perception and behavior
are molded by physiology, intention, needs, memories and
other factors that are likely to be different for each
person. From the usual physics perspective the effect of
observation is the same for all observers.
Observation and its emotional concomitants are known to
affect the way people perceive and act on the
environment. It would be surprising if the same were not
true for physicists and their experiments. It is
suggestive that results in tests conducted by believers
in a certain effect support their belief while skeptics
get null results.
Observer
participancy may be combined with the zero-point energy
and with the psicon. By interaction with the zero-point
energy, the electromagnetic component of psi
waves would be expected to bring on a transient
attenuation of the gravity/inertia that ordinarily keeps
things in place. If an emotionally charged object has
been freed of gravity/inertia, the object may levitate. The role of the RSPK agent would be twofold, to cause a
brief cancellation of the gravity/inertia of the object
through the zero-point energy and to direct energy to
the object for its movement. Because the object is now
free to move, the intensity of the energy from the agent
would decrease.
This interaction
between observer and matter is described by what is
known by the Easterners as the spiritual energy, for
science: zero-point energy. The philosophical theory
behind spiritual energy first started in India, with the
Vedas scriptures.
Prajñā is defined as the absolute energy, the principle
of life. Prajñā not only strengths the human body but
also the brain making able the one who develops it to
acquire psychic powers. What is known as the magnetic
healing, from Franz Mesmer’s philosophy of animal
magnetism; to the Easterners is a controlled prajñā.
(Hatha-Yoga,
1999)
“Encontra-se em
todas as formas de vida, desde a ameba até o homem –
desde a vida vegetal mais elementar, até a mais elevada
vida animal. Prajna penetra tudo... Prajna é o nome
com que designamos um princípio universal, o qual é
a essência de todo movimento, força ou energia, quer
se manifeste como gravitação,eletricidade,
revolução planetária ou qualquer forma de vida, da
mais elevada à mais inferior. Pode ser chamada a alma da
força e da energia em todas as suas manifestações,
ou o princípio que, operando de certo modo, produz
a forma de atividade que acompanha a
vida.... Este grande princípio existe em todas as formas
de matéria e, não obstante, não é matéria. Está no
ar, mas não é o ar nem nenhum dos seus elementos
químicos. Está no alimento que comemos e,
entretanto não é nenhuma das substâncias químicas que,
combinadas constituem a água. É a “energia” que
existe em todas as coisas –– as coisas agem
simplesmente como um condutor.”
(Hatha-Yoga,
Ramacháraca, Chapter XX, p. 123-124)
Another
philosophical theory that used the fundaments of the
prajñā is the Chinese doctrine of ch’i and the Japanese
doctrine of ki. Ch’i or ki, is believed to be part of
every living thing that exists, as a kind of “life
force” or spiritual energy. The concepts of ki (Figure
16) are more explored in the Japanese philosophy of
martial arts such as Aikido
(Figure 17) that emphasizes joining with an attack and
redirecting the attacker’s energy, as opposed to meeting
force with force.
Figure 16 – Aikido. The first image shows the
word Aikido in Japanese and in the second shows
the practice of the martial art.
(http://www.institutouniao.com.br/imagens/aikido.gif
,
http://www.thewayofsamurai.blogger.com.br/aikido.jpg)
Figure 17 – Ki.
(http://www.institutouniao.com.br/imagens/aikido.gif)
Applying
this reasoning to science, where the observer has the
ability to participate in the system the researcher Dr.
Keith Schwab and his team from the Physics Department of
Cornell University created a quantum device whose
temperature could be easily decreased just by looking. The device (Figure 18) is an aluminized bar over a
substrate of silicon nitrite with a dimension of
approximately 8,7 micrometers-millionth of a meter –
length per 200 nanometers – billionth of a meter – of
width whose extremes were tied up having its center free
to any vibration (Nature, 2006).
Figure
18 – Image captured by a electronic detector microscope,
Cornell University.
(http://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/noticia.php?artigo=010165060926)
Next to
the aluminized bar Schwab positioned a superconducting
single-electron transistor (SSET) to detect any
difference regarding its position.
Quantum
mechanics demands that the act of measurement must
affect the measured object. When a linear amplifier is
used to continuously monitor the position of an object,
the Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle requires that the
object be driven by force impulses, called back-action.
As Dr. Schweib said:
“Here we measure
the back-action of a SSET on a radio-frequency
nanomechanical resonator. The conductance of the SSET,
which is capacitively coupled to the resonator, provides
a sensitive probe of the latter's position; back-action
effects manifest themselves as an effective thermal
bath, the properties of which depend sensitively on SSET
bias conditions. Surprisingly, when the SSET is biased
near a transport resonance, we observe cooling of the
nanomechanical mode from 550 mK
to 300 mK an effect that is analogous to laser cooling
in atomic physics. Our measurements have implications
for nanomechanical readout of quantum information
devices and the limits of ultrasensitive force
microscopy (such as single-nuclear-spin magnetic
resonance force microscopy). Furthermore, we anticipate
the use of these back-action effects to prepare ultracold and quantum states of mechanical structures,
which would not be accessible with existing technology”.
Chapter III
Methodology
This
thesis was written with the purpose to analyze the
relationship between the motion of the palette in the
Ouija Board and the studies in, psychology and physics.
The
researched information presented in this thesis was
gathered from many sources. It included the use of
Internet web sites, articles from scientific magazines,
books, documentaries, and an interview. Documentaries
were important sources, since this research talks about
events that are not commonly reproduced. Historical data
was obtained mainly from the used of internet web sites.
The interview was made so as to clarify and enrich some
aspects of the research, the psiconic theory.
These
materials qualify this thesis as being a scientific,
qualitative and correlational research. Scientific
because it involves studying and explaining the motion
of the palette in the Ouija Board and how science
responds to it. Qualitative because it is not proved by
any mathematical mean. Correlational, due to verify
whether a relationship exists between the motion of the
palette with scientific explanations.
Chapter IV
Analysis of Data
An
interview was made with one physicist and mechanical
engineer, in order to enrich the conclusion of this
work. The interview with Geraldo Sarti, mechanical
engineer graduated from the actual Universidade Estadual
do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) with a masters in Physics from
Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME-RJ), was useful
since he gave clear answers and ideas about its
properties, within what was proposed by this thesis
answering questions specifically about the theory of
information – the psiconic theory. The questions sent to
Geraldo Sarti are in Annex B. His answers, in
Portuguese, are in Annex C, having the translation into
English in Annex D.
Once
proposed to Geraldo Sarti a possible relationship
between science and the motion of the palette in the
Ouija Board a common answer was achieved, between the
author and the interviewed: fraud. As the purpose of
this thesis was to analyze any scientifically
explanation of the Ouija Board, where fraud is not the
best answer, the interviewed agreed with the author that
each case works independent.
In the
first question, Sarti defends the psiconic theory
because it has a mathematical and psychophysical nature. According to Sarti, the psicons best answer paranormal
situations because they do not contradict the Einstein’s
principle of special relativity and it answers the
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox, by the suggestion given
by Einstein, telepathy. As stated in section IV –
Modern Physics Behind the Occult, “The existence
of telepathy phenomena has been basically confirmed
through many strict experiments” (Gao Shan, 2004).
In his
studies the psicon has a wave-particle duality and each
case should be analyzed differently. Geraldo Sarti,
answered the second question by trying to introduce to
the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox. Sarti’s main
objective in this question was to clarify that the
psicon is 100% present in space-time, meaning it is
everywhere.
Although
less explored in the thesis, the subject about takions
was explored in question number three where a comparison
was made with the psicons. The author brought this
question because the takions share the same properties
with the psicons. Between these common properties takions are hypothetical particles that also exceed the
speed of light, but the main difference between them is
that the takions not carry information.
As
poltergeist, one of the solutions of the Ouija
Board, explained in section III – Poltergeist, The
Noisy Ghost, the author focused in the relationship
between the psicon and poltergeist, with the
intention to relate all the studies proposed by this
thesis, which answered the Ouija. In this question
Geraldo Sarti exemplified how the psiconic theory
explains the poltergeist.
With the
intention to explore the experimental field of
paranormal studies, the author asked in question number
six if there is any official experience which can be
reproduced in a physics lab. According to Geraldo Sarti,
is not so simple to prove the existence of a psicon just
by experience, as it is known that the psicon has an
imaginary mass. The purpose of the question was to
clarify if exist a huge gap between the theoretical and
the experimental studies.
As this
thesis is a correlational research between psychological
and physical studies that tries to answer the motion of
the Ouija information about the conscious and
unconscious should be given. In section II – Flaws of
the Ideomotor Effect, the author explains that the
Freud’s psychoanalytic reviews should not be applied in
the involuntary motion of the participant. With the
intention to know if the same reasoning is applicable in
question number seven, the author asked Geraldo Sarti to
compare Lacan’s, Freud’s and Jung’s point of view. Of
the three Sarti used Jung’s collective unconscious to
answer the question.
As was
clearly stated by Geraldo Sarti in question number two
the psicons have a definite momentum and 100% of chances
to be found in space-time. Apparently, to the author, it
seems to violate Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
because as the Principle states, it is impossible in
nature to determine the position and the velocity of a
particle simultaneously. In this question, Sarti
explained that as the psicons are wave-particles it does
not violate the Uncertainty Principle.
When asked
his opinion on the palette’s motion and how the psiconic
theory would be a possible explanation to the Ouija
Board, a series of studies were cited by Geraldo and all
of them are part from what the relationship of the
thesis proposes, at least, from the physical studies.
Similar to
the author’s religion, the author has not defined his
position regarding religion, preferring scientific then
mystical explanations for unexplained phenomena, labeled
paranormal. When asked to Geraldo
Sarti
about his beliefs in the Ouija Board, he clearly shows
his position saying it has different situations and each
situation deserves a different attention, but the most
common is fraud. As he said, the Ouija Board should be
broken into different parts, where all of them have as a
key for understanding the principle of the psiconic
theory.
Chapter V
Conclusion
“There
are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are
dreamt of in your philosophy.”
(William Shakespeare – Hamlet, ACT I Scene 5)
Until
recent years, there were only a few scientific studies
on the interaction among paranormal effects and physics. The author believes that the reason for the lack of
scientific support is basically because most researchers
and readers do not academically respect this topic. The
point of this thesis was to prove that there is a
relationship between the motion of the palette and
science.
It
apparently seems to be extremely rare to have a
situation where the palette moves by unknown reasons. The hypothesis that there are voluntary forces leading
to fraud is proved through four studies: autosuggestion
and self-delusion (in the field of psychology),
poltergeist and Model of Pragmatic Information (in
the field of physics).
The author
understands that there are two kinds of frauds in
question: voluntary and involuntary. The voluntary fraud
relies on the principle that the player, or participant,
wants to force the game to respond to his/her
expectations.
The
involuntary fraud is explained through the psychological
studies of autosuggestion and self-delusion.
In order
to support the hypothesis and show the relationship
between the Ouija Board and physics, the author analyzed
an interview done with the Brazilian physicist and
mechanical engineer Geraldo Sarti, who proved
mathematically the Model of Pragmatic Information and
its relationship with the fundamental concepts of
telepathy and psycho kinesis.
A better
understanding of this thesis requires an open-minded
disposition in order to separate religion from
paranormal motions and effects such as the
poltergeist phenomenon or apparitions.
The author
does not agree with the application of the
poltergeist phenomenon in the Ouija Board, because
it makes no sense to consider its occurrence when the
participants control the final answer by touching the
palette. The Model of Pragmatic Information seems to be
a more appropriate approach explaining that the system
itself contains something that resembles a “memory”
where information’s from the past are stored. The most
reasonable and acceptable studies, in that case, are the
ones in the field of psychology because they deal with
the interaction between people with different beliefs,
in an adapted environment.
Through
his research, the author was able to identify and relate
different studies to prove his hypothesis, the
establishment of a link between the moving phenomena,
physics and psychology.
Bibliography
► Books
Hawking, Stephen (2005)
Os Gênios da Ciência: Sobre os ombros de gigantes
(pp. 335-362) (1st edition).
Editora
Elsevier and Editora Campus, São Paulo.
Braude,
Ann (1989) Radical Spirits: Spiritualism and Women’s
Rights in 19th Century America (2nd
edition), Copyright Cahners Business Information, Inc.
New York.
Capra, Fritjof (1983)
O Tao da Física (pp. 230 – 233) (2nd
edition). Editora Cultrix, São Paulo.
Davies,
Paul (1970) God And The New Physics (pp.113 –
114) (1st edition).
J.M Dent & Sons, Ltd.,
London.
Santos, Horta (1998)
O Tempo e a Mente: O Universo Inteligente
(pp. 198 – 200) (1st edition). Editora Nova
Era, Rio de Janeiro.
Sarti, Geraldo (1991)
Psicons: Do Real Ao Imaginário (1st
edition). ABRAP – Associação Brasileira de
Parapsicologia Rio de Janeiro.
Halliday, David,
Resnick, Robert, Walker, Jearl (2005) Fundamentals of
Physics (pp. 1073-1074) (7th edition).
John Wiley & Sons Inc. New Jersey.
Zitzewitz,
Paul W, and Neff, Robert F, (1992) Physics:
Principles and Problems (pp. 555 - 571) (1st
edition). Glencoe: Macmillan/McGraw-Hill.
►
Internet
Websites
_________________, “Conceptual Model of Paranormal
Phenomena”, Jack Houk, http://www.jackhouck.com/cm.shtml
August 2 2006 10:50 PM. pg. 01
_________________, “Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox”,
Eric Weisstein World of Physics,
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Einstein-Podolsky-RosenParadox.html
August 23, 2005 19:26PM, pg.01
_________________, “Super Physics”, Tripod, http://superphysics.tripod.com/pp_quantum_theory.html.
February 2, 2007, 08:30PM, pg.01.
_________________, “Bell’s Inequalities”, Wolfram
Research,, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_neorealism.
August 2, 2006 10:51PM, pg. 01.
_________________, “Museum of Talking Boards: Automatism
vs. Spiritualist Theories of Ouija”, , http://www.museumoftalkingboards.com/theories.html
November 29, 2006 2:12PM pg. 01.
_________________, “Museum of Talking Boards: History of
the Talking Board”, Museum of Talking Boards, http://www.museumoftalkingboards.com/history.html.
August 18, 2006 11:43 AM, pg. 01.
_________________,
“The Ouija Board” http://ghosts.monstrous.com/the_ouija_board.htm.
November 29, 2006 2:12PM pg. 01.
Ciodin,
Antonio Orlando., “Franz Anton Mesmer” http://www.universoespirita.org.br/novos_textos/vanessa/novos%20textos%20diagramar%202/mesmer.htm.
January 30, 2007 3:01PM, pg.01.
Sollis,
Mark A., “The Hutchison Effect”
http://sci.physics.reasearch March 25, 2007 4:00 PM,
pg. 01
_________________,
“Carpenter | William Benjamin | 1813-1885 | Naturalist
Botanist”,
http://ghosts.monstrous.com/the_ouija_board.htm.
February 2, 2007, 08:34PM, pg.01.
Wagner,
Stephen., “Ouija: How Does It Work? Is the Ouija a
fascinating game for harmless fun... or a dangerous
gateway to the unknown?.”, The New York Times. Co,
http://paranormal.about.com/library/weekly/aa090699.htm.
February 2, 2007, 08:20PM, pg.01.
Radmül,
Udo Sperlich, “Pedras de Energia-do-Ponto-Zero”
http://www.nullpunktenergie.de/nullpunkt/b_np_by.htm.
May 10, 2007 11:17 PM, pg. 01-02
►Magazines
(Roll,
2003)The Electromagnetic Field of Space, William Roll
The Journal of Scientific Exploration”,
Vol. 17, No. 1 pp. 79, 2003
(Gearhart
and Persinger, 1986) The Electromagnetic Field of Space,
William Roll The Journal of Scientific
Exploration”, Vol. 17, No. 1 pp. 79, 2003
(Super Interessante,
2007) Eles Vêem Espíritos, Aryane Cararo Super
Interessante, (nº 237 – March 2007. p.58)
(Gao
Shan, 2004) “A Primary Quantum Model of Telepathy”,
Gao Shan Chinese Institute of Electronics and Institute
of Quantum Physics, Beijing, The Parapsychological
Association Convention 2004, p. 413-414
(Duane &
Behrendt, 1965; Targ & Puthoff, 1974; Puthoff & Targ,
1976; Radin & Nelson, 1989; Grinberg-Zylberbaum et al,
1994; Bierman & Radin, 1997; Gao, 2000; Wackermann et
al, 2003.)
(Etzold,
2004) “Does Psi Exist and Can We Prove It? Belief and
Disbelief in Psycho kinesis Research”, Eckhard Etzold
The Parapshycological Association Convention 2004
p.367-377,
(Varella,
1985) Observer Participancy, William Roll, State
University of West Georgia, Journal of Scientific
Exploration p.80 - 84
(Roll,
2003). Observer Participancy, William Roll, State
University of West Georgia, Journal of Scientific
Exploration p.80 - 84
(Walker,
1985) Consciousness and The Quantum Theory, E.H. Walker,
Psychic Exploration, Putnam Press.
(Nature,
2006) Schwab, K.C. et al (2006), Cooling a
Nanomechanical Resonator with Quantum Back-Action
p.193-196. Nature 443.
(Lucadou,
1997) “Does Psi Exist and Can We Prove It? Belief and
Disbelief in Psycho kinesis Research”, Eckhard Etzold
The Parapshycological Association Convention 2004 p.370,
►
Videos
Ultra
Science: The Ghost Hunter.
Produced and directed by Peter Charley. 34 min.
Discovery Communications, Inc., 1997. Videocassete
Beth
Goulart – Edifício Joelma.
Produced and directed by TV Globo. 2 min 56 sec. Linha
Direta, 2005. Internet.
Hutchison
ZP Footage. Produced and directed by Amercian
Antigravity. [5 min,8 min 27s]. Google Video. Internet
Appendix A
Interview
originally designed by the author.
Interview
for the thesis of student Lucas Raphael Alfaia Mutti.
A
Psychological and Physical Inquiry Into The Ouija Board
Phenomena
1.
What is the
psiconic theory?
2.
What are
the properties of the particle-wave psicon and how does
it travel in space-time?
3.
Theoretically speaking both takions and psicons travel
at a speed greater than light. What make them different
while solving the Einstein-Podoslky-Rosen Paradox?
4.
How does
the psicon explain poltergeist phenomena?
5.
How did you
develop the psiconic theory?
6.
Is there
any experiment behind the psiconic theory or it is just
a theoretical model of how it answers the
Einstein-Podoslky-Rosen Paradox?
7.
In your
book Psicons – Do Real ao Imaginário, chapter 10
p. 44 you mention the relation of the psicon and
conscious. Is this conscious the same defined by Freud,
Jung or Lacan?
8.
As the
psicons have a 100% presence on space-time would this
violate the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, as its
position and velocity would be practical to calculate?
9.
Do you
believe the psiconic theory may answer the mysteries
behind the Ouija Board?
Appendix B
Interview used by the author, written in Portuguese,
which was sent to Mr. Geraldo Sarti from the Associação
Brasileira de Parapsicologia.
Entrevista para Tese do aluno Lucas Raphael Alfaia
Mutti.
Um Estudo Psicológico e Físico Sobre O Fenômeno da Tábua
Ouija
1.
O que é a teoria
psicônica?
2.
Quais são as
propriedades da partícula-onda psicon e como a própria
viaja no espaço-tempo?
3.
Teoricamente
falando, táquions e psicons viajam a velocidade acima da
velocidade da luz. O que os torna diferente ao tentar
resolver o paradoxo Einstein-Podoslky-Rosen?
4.
Como o psicon
explica o fenômeno poltergeist?
5.
Como o senhor
desenvolveu a teoria psicônica?
6.
Existe qualquer
experiência por trás da teoria psicônica ou é somente um
modelo teórico para solucionar o paradoxo
Einstein-Podoslky-Rosen?
7.
No livro do
senhor Psicons – Do Real ao Imaginário, capítulo 10 p.44
o senhor menciona a relação do psicon com o consciente. Esse consciente é o mesmo definido por Freud, Jung, ou
Lacan?
8.
Como os psicons
têm 100% de presença no espaço-tempo isso não violaria o
Príncipio da Incerteza de Heisenberg de forma que a sua
posição e velocidade seriam calculáveis?
9.
O senhor
acredita que a teoria psicônica possa resolver o
mistério da Tábua Ouija?
Appendix C
Interview with the physicist and mechanical
engineer Geraldo Sarti, pioneer of the psiconic theory,
graduated by Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro
(UERJ), Brazil, with masters in Physics from the
Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME-RJ), Brazil.
1.
O que é a teoria
psicônica?
GERALDO: A teoria
psicônica é de natureza psicofísica e matemática,
diferente da teoria espírita (Kardec) e da teoria da
sincronicidade (Jung), sendo uma extrapolação da
expressão ESP (Rhine). Ela tenta expressar, descrever,
explicar e solucionar, de forma integrada nos psicons,
os fenômenos PSI em suas várias manifestações,
entendendo-se por PSI aqueles fenômenos “psicológicos”
que insistem em, aparentemente, violar as leis
conhecidas como as de causa-efeito e de conservação de
quantidades física como energia e massa e de aumento da
entropia em sistemas fechados.
2.
Quais são as
propriedades da partícula-onda psicon e como a própria
viaja no espaço-tempo?
GERALDO: O psicon,
enquanto onda, é plana e perfeita isto é não interage
energeticamente com potências ou partículas físicas.
Suas interações com o mundo físico são da ordem da
informação semântica, dito de outra forma, relaciona-se
com objetos ou situações dos universos fundamentais e
físicos como se estes fossem sujeitos a interferências
exclusivamente psicológicas, conceituais.
Como onda plana e
perfeita, ele possui quantidade de movimento e
freqüência perfeitamente definidos e constantes,
justamente por não interagir com o mundo material.
Movendo-se livremente e não se deformando. Os
psicons-ondas não são apropriados para expressar
partículas reais mas sim psicons-partículas de massa em
movimento imaginária matemática.
Em
contra-partida, como função de ondas planas e perfeitas
têm a propriedade de ocupar todo o espaço-tempo. Pontualmente, eu diria que a probabilidade de um psicon-partícula ser encontrado em qualquer lugar
específico do espaço-tempo é máxima (100%). Neste caso
cada psicon forma um vácuo, vazio de qualquer energia,
massa ou campo (à exceção possivelmente do campo
gravitacional).
Como as ondas psicônicas não se deformam, elas não formam pacotes com
partículas reais mais ou menos localizadas e sim
absolutamente não localizadas. A incerteza
espaço-temporal é portanto infinita e a única partícula
que pode representar é mesmo um psicon-partícula
imaginário-matemática que se move, naturalmente a
velocidades supralumínicas. Repetindo, posso dizer que
um psicon-onda é um vácuo não sintático e que o
psicon-particula, a ele associado conduz as informações
/ semânticas.
O aparente
paradoxo poderá ser solucionado ao considerar-se que um psicon-onda só tem velocidade de fase, não de grupo (não
há pacotes), velocidade esta que propaga a probabilidade
semântica (velocidade da corrente de probabilidade),
nesse caso passível de indeterminação
3.
Teoricamente
falando, táquions e psicons viajam a velocidade acima da
velocidade da luz. O que os torna diferente ao tentar
resolver o paradoxo Einstein-Podoslky-Rosen?
GERALDO: Não possuindo
funções de onda explicitadas, os táquions não se aplicam
à comutação de operadores conjugados, ao contrário dos
psicons, mas, a diferença, básica entre ambos é que o
táquion não carrega informação, enquanto os psicons
carregam.
4.
Como o psicon
explica o fenômeno poltergeist?
GERALDO: O poltergeist
(RSPK) é um fenômeno razoavelmente complexo. Nele estão
envolvidos: teleportações, combustão, levitação,
entortamento de metais, movimentos aleatórios de vários
tipos, piscar de lâmpadas, várias manifestações
elétricas e magnéticas espontânea, etc.
Tem sido
observada a presença de um epicentro, em geral um
adolescente ou pré-adolescente, com características de
conflito sintomático de neurose precoce. Admite-se assim
que ele descarregue sua neurose sobre o ambiente que o
cerca. Aplicar-se o psicon por exemplo nos seguintes
casos:
-
Teleportação: como solução
das equações de perturbação quântica de
Schrödinger, ou por aproximação a zero, do
operador potencial perturbador, a medida que as
dimensões físicas do sistema aumentam (aplicação
macrofísica da teoria das perturbações).
-
Levitação e movimentos
antigravidade: como formador de singularidades
pesadas por auto-aniquilamento do vácuo. Nesse
caso há encurvamento geodésico do espaço-tempo
local.
-
Entortamento de metais
(PKMB): como elemento informacional do plasma
metálico com retorno antientrópico dos elétrons
as bandas iônicas de origem e conseqüentes
plastificação e alteração da resistividade do
ex-metal.
-
Fenômenos elétricos e
magnéticos (PKEM): prevalecendo sobre as normais
constantes dielétricas do ar, com geração
espontânea de campos vetoriais elétricos e
magnéticos.
5.
Como o senhor
desenvolveu a teoria psicônica?
GERALDO: Meu interesse
pela parapsicologia surgiu quando eu era criança, antes
que lesse ou falasse, devido acontecimentos estranhos
que ocorrem com todas as crianças. Tais acontecimentos
foram cessando mas meu interesse permaneceu. Estudando
Jung e Rhine, achei que poderia fazer uma síntese entre
eles mas me deparei com dificuldades matemáticas, que
minha formação acadêmica pôde contornar razoavelmente. Movido mas por interesse filosófico e intuitivo imaginei
que o sacrossanto Einstein pudesse ter sido parcial na
sua interpretação da natureza limitando-a a velocidade
da luz. Com isso, há vinte e cinco anos esbocei uma
teoria que chamei de Teoria Psicônica, nela observando a
flagrante violação às leis psicofísicas vigentes.
Meu último livro,
embora compacto, dá uma idéia que acho boa sobre os
psicons e suas aplicações aos fenômenos PSI.
6.
Existe qualquer
experiência por trás da teoria psicônica ou é somente um
modelo teórico para solucionar o paradoxo
Einstein-Podoslky-Rosen?
GERALDO: As
experiências dos paranormais relatadas em todo mundo
estão por trás da teoria.
Tentamos eu e o
Dr.Horta Santos, também físico, algumas experiências em
laboratório, porém foram infrutíferas com o sujeito
experimentado. A pesquisa teórica tem sido realmente
minha principal fonte mas o retorno constante à
experimentação e ao controle humanos é imprescindível
embora a própria fenomenologia seja rica em descrições
literárias de outros pesquisadores de campo e de
laboratório.
Respondendo a
segunda pergunta, a solução do paradoxo Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen não é o único elemento central
da teoria, mesmo que muito importante para seu
entendimento.
7.
No livro do
senhor Psicons – Do Real ao Imaginário, Capítulo 10 p.44
o senhor menciona a relação do psicon com o consciente.
Esse consciente é o mesmo definido por Freud, Jung, ou
Lacan?
GERALDO:
Basicamente a teoria dos psicons tenta descrever os
fenômenos PSI através de partículas imaginárias e ondas
planas. Tais psicons configuram as informações
semânticas, conceituais, elemento fundamental às nossas
percepções e nossos entendimentos da vida cotidiana
material, que nos permitem sobreviver frente à infinda
quantidade de informações sintáticas a que aparentemente
está sujeito ao nosso sistema nervoso.
Estudos
das atividades elétricas cerebrais revelam que reduções
dos padrões freqüências eletrográficos vêm acompanhadas
de experiências culminante e coletivas posteriormente
relatadas pelos sujeitos dos experimentos. Aqui,
tratamos da manutenção de um “inconsciente” coletivo
(Jung) ou de um conhecimento extra-sensorial (Rhine) que
foi mantido embora não percebido durante sua vivencia. Nas suas hipóteses de um inconsciente substantivo
individual. Freud admite um terceiro inconsciente,
presente na prática psicanalítica que influencia as
relações entre o paciente e o analista através do
conhecimento mútuo e inefável dos conteúdos afetivos de
um sobre o outro.
Lacan, por
outro lado, deu sua visão da mentes freudianas,
adequando a teoria psicanalítica à psicose tornando-a
extremamente verbal, mas sem alterar essencialmente o
que havia sido proposto por Freud, em termos de
neurose.
8.
Como os psicons
têm 100% de presença no espaço-tempo isso não violaria o
Princípio da Incerteza de Heisenberg de forma que a sua
posição e velocidade seriam calculáveis?
GERALDO: Efetivamente
os psicons violariam o princípio da incerteza com a
introdução de uma função de onda psicônica. Como ondas,
tem 100% de probabilidade de encontrar-se em qualquer
ponto do espaço-tempo. Entretanto, por serem
imaginárias, ao violarem o princípio da incerteza quando
observados como partículas, não poderiam ser medidos. Porém, posição e massa x velocidade podem ser calculadas
pelos psicons-ondas dos observadores pois são as
expressões do pensamento zerando a equação de comutação
e atendendo simultaneamente ao princípio de completude
de Einstein.
9.
O senhor
acredita que os psicons possam resolver o mistério da
Tábua Ouija?
GERALDO: A tábua
Ouija deveria ser analisada em partes:
-
Telepatia ou link-mente-mente
(teoria psicônica)
-
Psicocinese ou
link-mente-matéria (teoria psicônica)
-
Teleportação “especial” pois
direcionada por conteúdos anteriores dos
sujeitos em estado de vigília alfa.
(Aparentemente não se aplica a teoria
psicônica.)
-
Simulcognição confusa ou
aleatória, isto é, as respostas do copo, tanto
em relação ao presente como ao passado e futuro
não expressam, ao que eu saiba, nenhuma forma
coerente de resposta, embora pareça, como já
dito em telepatia, possível de um domínio
informacional inteligente.
Appendix D
Interview with the physicist and mechanical
engineer Geraldo Sarti, pioneer of the psiconic theory,
graduated by Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro
(UERJ), Brazil, with masters in Physics from the
Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME-RJ), Brazil.
1.
What is the
psiconic theory?
GERALDO: Different from the spiritual theory (Kardec)
and the synchronicity (Jung) the psiconic theory is of
mathematical and psycho physical nature, a continuation
of the ESP (Rhine). It tries to explain, describe, and
solve the PSI phenomena in all of its manifestations,
which violate the laws known as cause-effect from the
conservation of physical quantities such as mass and
energy and the increase of entropy in closed systems.
2.
What are
the properties of the particle-wave psicon and how does
it travel in space-time?
GERALDO:
As a wave the psicon is perfectly plane not interacting
energetically with any physical particle. Its
interaction with the physical world is from semantic
information.
As a
perfect plane wave, it has a definite and constant
momentum and frequency, as it does not interact with
objects. It may move freely and it does not deform. The psicon-wave is not used to express real particles but
only the psicon-particle of imaginary mathematical mass
in motion.
As psicon-wave it may be found in all space-time, having a
probability of 100% to be found. In this situation, each
psicon forms a vacuum, which lacks energy, mass or field
(with exception of the gravitational). It is possible to
imagine
The
uncertainty space-time is infinite and the only particle
that may represent is on psicon-particle mathematically
imaginary, with speed greater than light.
3.
Theoretically speaking both takions and psicons travel
at a speed greater than light. What make them different
while solving the Einstein-Podoslky-Rosen Paradox?
GERALDO: As the takions do not have explicitly wave
functions, they are not applicable to the commutation of
conjugate operator, different from the psicons. Their
difference is that the takions do not carry information
while the psicons carry.
4.
How the
psicon does explain poltergeist phenomena?
GERALDO: The poltergeist (RSPK) is a reasonable
complex phenomenon. During a poltergeist, it is observed
the presence of an epicenter, normally an
adolescent or pre-adolescent, with
psychological problems. The psicons are applicable on
the following situations:
-
Teleportation: solution of the
equations of Schrödinger quantum perturbations, or
by approaching zeros the potential operator, as the
physical dimensions increase (macro physical
application).
-
Anti-gravity: is broken the
relationship inertia/gravity ending the vacuum. In
this case there is the geodesic curving of
space-time.
-
Metal Bending (PKMB):
informational element of the metallic plasma with
anti-entropy of electrons and ionic bands, changing
the capacity of resisting of the ex-metal.
-
Electrical phenomena (PKEM):
occur over the dielectrically constants of air, with
spontaneous generation of vectorial electrical and
magnetic fields.
5.
How did you
develop the psiconic theory?
GERALDO: My interest in
parapsychology developed when I was young, before
reading or speaking, thanks to the strange things that
usually happen with young children. Such things, as
naturally stopped but my interest increased. While
studying Jung and Rhine, I thought I could synthesize
their ideas, but thanks to mathematics I could answer
these interactions. From my interest in philosophy and
the intuitive I've imagined that Einstein was partial in
his interpretation, limiting his interpretation to the
speed of light. Twenty-five years ago I've started the
psiconic theory, where it violated the psychophysical
laws. My last book, although short, explains the
psiconic theory and its applications to the PSI
phenomena.
6.
Is there
any experiment behind the psiconic theory or it is just
a theoretical model of how it answers the
Einstein-Podoslky-Rosen Paradox?
GERALDO: The paranormals experiences are behind
the pscionic theory. With the help of Dr. Horta Santos,
also a physicist, a series of unsuccessful experiences
were done. The theoretical research is my active field
although regarding experimentation and human controls is
not so hard to find. Answering the second question,
the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox is not the central
element of the psiconic theory, although it is extremely
important for the theoretical understanding.
7.
In your
book Psicons – Do Real ao Imaginário, Chapter 10
p. 44 you mention the relation of the psicon and
conscious. Is this conscious the same defined by Freud,
Jung or Lacan?
GERALDO: The psiconic theory tries to describe the PSI
phenomena by the use of imaginary particles and plane
waves. Such psicons configure this semantic and
conceptual information, vital to our perceptions and our
understanding, permitting us to deal with the infinite
number of syntactic information, which is linked with
our nervous system.
Studies of the electrical activities in the
brain reveal that the reduction of the electrographic
frequency is a consequence of the experience lived by
the one’s that face the experiments. This reasoning is
the same used by Jung, in his collective unconscious or
and extra-sensorial knowledge (Rhine). According to
Freud is admitted a third type of unconscious, normally
found in the interaction between a patient and an
annalist during a psychoanalytic session.
Lacan, in the other hand, gave his vision of
the Freudians minds, using the psychoanalytic theory
into psychoses, verbalizing it, but not change the idea
proposed by Freud.
8.
As the
psicons have a 100% presence on space-time would this
violate the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, as its
position and velocity would be practical to calculate?
GERALDO: As waves the psicons have 100% of chances to be
located in space-time, violating Heisenberg’s
Uncertainty Principle.
But
as
they are
imaginary, once violating Heisenberg’s Uncertainty
Principle, when observed as a particle they could not
be measured. But, as position and mass x velocity may be
calculated by the psicon-waves of the observer as they
are expressions of thought equaling to zero the
commutate equation and following Einstein’s principle.
9.
Do you
believe the psiconic theory may answer the mysteries
behind the Ouija Board?
GERALDO:
The Ouija Board should be analyzed in parts:
a) Telepathy or link-mind-mind (psiconic
theory)
b) Psycho kinesis or link-mind-matter
(psiconic theory)
c) Special teleportation directed by the
participants of the session. (Apparently the psiconic
theory is not applicable)
d) Confused or at random simulcognition, meaning that
the answer of the palette or cup in relation to the
present, past or future do not express, according to my
knowledge, a coherent answer although it seems, as
stated in telepathy, caused by an intelligent
informational domain.
“From the unreal, guide me to what is real! From
darkness, guide me to light! From death, guide
me to immortality!”
Brihad-aranyaka Upanishad is considered to be
one of the oldest Upanishads, around the eighth
century BC, what makes up the oldest Hindu
Scriptures, which talks about philosophy,
meditation and spiritualism.
A destined court to defend the Catholic faith:
it watched, it pursued and it condemned those
that were suspected to practice other religions.
All cultural production was censured as well all
the scientific innovations that seemed a threat
to the Church. In the truth, the Church was
afraid that these ideas would lead believers to
religious doubt and impeach the authority of the
Pope. (Wikipedia, 2006)
An
individual who claims to posess the ability to
receive messages from spirits (discorporate
entities), or claims that he or she can channel
such entities — that is, write or speak in the
voice of these entities rather than in the
medium's own voice.
(Also
known as mesmerism) is the 18th century term for
the ethereal medium postulated by Franz Mesmer
as a therapeutic agent.
Not completely conscious; partially or
imperfectly conscious: subconscious perceptions. The part of the mind below the level of
conscious perception.
Lacking awareness and the capacity for sensory
perception; not conscious, without conscious
control; involuntary or unintended.
(1856-1939) A Jewish-Austrian neurologist and
psychiatrist, known as the “father of
psychoanalysis” who co-founded the
psychoanalytic school of psychology.
General term for approaches to psychoanalysis
which attempt to provide a conceptual framework
more-or-less independent of clinical practice
rather than based on empirical analysis of
clinical cases.
An
electrostatic machine which uses a moving belt
to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow
metal globe.
Elementary particle responsible for
electromagnetic phenomena. It has a mass value
of zero and travels at the constant speed c,
celeritas in Latin, the speed of light
A mathematical tool that quantum mechanics uses
to describe any physical system. It is a
function from a space that consists of the
possible states of the system.
Mass of an object may vary depending on the
observer’s inertial frame, where the final mass
will vary according to the speed of the system.
Branch of theoretical physics that replaces
classical mechanics and classical
electromagnetsim only at atomic and subatomic
levels providing more accurate and precise
descriptions for many phenomena. Along with
general relativity, quantum mechanics is one of
the pillars of modern physics.
Application of the probability theory, which
includes mathematical tools dealing with large
populations, in mechanics, concerning with the
motion of particles or objects when subjected to
a force.
Branch of physics that studies the effects of
changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on
physical at the macroscopic scale by analyzing
the collective motion of their particles using
statistics.
Also known,
as EFE or Einstein’s equations are a set of ten
equations in Einstein’s theory of general
relativity in which the force of gravitation is
described as a curved spacetime caused by matter
and energy.
Equation which involves the derivative of an
unknown function represented by a dependent
variable.
Ancient scriptures or revelation (Shruti) of the
Hindu teachings. They manifest the Divine Word
in human speech. They reflect into human
language the language of the Gods, the Divine
powers that have created us and which rule over
us.
http://www.hindunet.org/vedas/
"It
may be found in all life forms, since an amoeba
until a man –– since the more elementary vegetal
life, until the most developed animal life. Prajñā penetrates everything... Prajñā is the
name with that we assign a universal principle,
which is the essence of all movements, force or
energy, revealing as gravitation, electricity,
planetary revolution or any form of life, of the
most raised to most inferior. The soul can be
called the force and the energy in all its
manifestations, or the principle that, operating
in certain way, produces the form of activity
that follows life. This principle of life exists
in all forms of matter, but it is not matter. It
is in air, but none of its chemical elements are
present in air. It is in the food that we eat;
however is not the chemical substances that
combined make up water. It is the "energy" that
exists in all the things –– acting simply as a
conductor.
.jpg){kind=link}
